Where have all the bumble bees gone?

Filed under: Bees |

raise bees
Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Chụp hình ở thị xã Gò Công, thuộc tỉnh Tiền Giang, miền Nam Vietnam.

Taken in Gò Công little town, Tiền Giang province, South Vietnam.

Vietnamese named : Dã Quỳ, Cúc Quỳ, Sơn Quỳ, Quỳ dại, Hướng Dương dại, Hướng Dương Mexico, Cúc Nitobe .
English names : Shrub flower, Mexican Tournesol, Mexican Sunflower or Nitobe Chrysanthemum, Wild Sun Flower.
Scientist name : Tithonia diversifolia ( Hemst. ) A. Gray
Synonyms :
Family : Asteraceae ( Compositae ). Họ Cúc ( Họ Hướng Dương )

Searched from :

**** WIKI
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3_qu%E1%BB%B3
Dã quỳ, cúc quỳ, sơn quỳ, quỳ dại, hướng dương dại, hướng dương Mexico, cúc Nitobe (danh pháp khoa học: Tithonia diversifolia) là một loài thực vật trong họ Cúc (Asteraceae), hiện nay phân bổ rộng khắp trong các khu vực cận nhiệt đới và nhiệt đới, chẳng hạn như Trung Mỹ, Đông Nam Á và châu Phi. Phụ thuộc vào khu vực, nó có thể là cây một năm hay cây lâu năm, dạng cây bụi cao tới 2-3 m với thân cây mọc thẳng và đôi khi hóa gỗ. Hoa màu vàng cam. Nói chung người ta công nhận rằng nó ở một giai đoạn nào đó là cây bản địa của khu vực Trung Mỹ hoặc Mexico, vì thế mà có tên gọi hướng dương Mexico.

Biểu tượng và sử dụng

Tại Nhật Bản, vào cuối thời kỳ Minh Trị, loài cây này được nhập khẩu như là cây cảnh mặc dù nó đã từng được trồng tại đây, dù rất ít. Có vị đắng đặc trưng, nó được sử dụng để gây sốt nhằm chống lại ngộ độc, mặc dù không được sử dụng cho các mục đích y học trực tiếp. Người ta cho rằng loài này được Nitobe Inazo đưa vào Nhật Bản, vì thế mà có tên gọi trong tiếng Nhật là cúc Nitobe (ニトベギク; Nitobegiku).
Tại Mexico, nó được sử dụng để chữa bong gân, gãy xương, các vết thâm tím và các vết giập.
Tại miền nam Trung Quốc nó được sử dụng để chữa trị một số bệnh đường da (như bệnh nấm bàn chân), ra mồ hôi trộm ban đêm, cũng như trong vai trò của thuốc lợi tiểu, thuốc nhuận gan, thuốc chữa bệnh vàng da và viêm bàng quang.
Dã quỳ được bán tại thị trường thuốc thảo mộc ở Đài Loan như một loại trà để cải thiện chức năng gan.
Nó là biểu tượng của tỉnh Mae Hong Son, Thái Lan.
Tại Việt Nam, dã quỳ đã được người Pháp đưa vào các đồn điền ở Lâm Đồng. Nó được trồng khi đó để làm phân xanh cho các vườn cà phê, cao su. Thân dã quỳ chứa nhiều chất P, Ca, Mg nên làm phân hữu cơ khá tốt. Nhờ hạt dễ phát tán, cây dễ trồng nhờ giâm cành nên loài cây này dần dà chiếm lĩnh các nơi hoang dại ở khắp Tây nguyên. Tên dã quỳ xuất hiện trên văn chương từ thập niên 1970, trước đó người ta gọi nó là sơn quỳ. Dã quỳ cũng đã được sử dụng làm biểu tượng chính cho lễ hội hoa Đà Lạt tháng 12 năm 2005.
Ở Việt Nam, dã quỳ thường ra hoa vào mùa đông, vàng rực cả triền đồi và thảo nguyên. Loài cây này có thể coi như là một loài cây báo hiệu cho sự xuất hiện của mùa khô, khi hoa dã quỳ nở có nghĩa là mùa khô đã đến rất gần. Lá của cây này còn sử dụng trong một bài thuốc dân gian để chữa bệnh ghẻ.

**** CHO THUOC 24H.COM
chothuoc24h.com/caythuoc/?ctid=H&ccthuoc=1105&H%C…

Hướng dương dại, Sơn quỳ – Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl). A Gray, thuộc họ Cúc – Asteraceae.

Mô tả: Cây bụi hằng năm cao 2-5m, thân có lông sát, phân cành nhiều. Lá thuôn, phiến có thuỳ, mép có răng nằm. Hoa đầu ở ngọn trên cuống dài, có mùi thơm, lá bắc hai hàng cao đến 2cm; hoa ở mép hình môi màu vàng tươi, lép; hoa ở giữa hình ống; giữa hoa có vẩy cao 1cm. Quả bế có hai răng.

Hoa tháng 12-2 quả 1-2

Bộ phận dùng: Lá – Folium Tithoniae Diversifoliae.

Nơi sống và thu hái: Loài cây của nhiệt đới châu Mỹ, được nhập trồng nay mọc hoang dại ở nhiều nơi, nhất là dọc đường đi, bãi hoang, phổ biến từ đồng bằng cho tới vùng núi.

Công dụng, chỉ định và phối hợp: Thường được trồng làm cây phân xanh. Người ta cũng dùng lá đắng xát trị ghẻ.

___________________________________________________________

**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS
www.stuartxchange.org/WildSunflower.html

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray
SHRUB SUNFLOWER
Wang ye kui

Gen info
Genus name derives from the Greek god Tithonus, a favorite of Aurora, goddess of dawn.

Botany
Small to medium-sized annual shrub with rather stout, almost glabrous branches. Leaves are alternate, petioled, membranaceous, ovate to orbicular, entire or 3- to 5-lobed, with toothed margins.

Distribution
Introduced to the Philippines as an ornamental.
Has escaped cultivation to become a weed in waste places.

Constituents
– Leaf oil showed an abundance of a-pinene (32.9%), b-caryophyllene (20.8%), germacrene D (12.6%), b-pinene (10.9%), and 1,8-cineole (9.1%).
– Flower oil yielded germacrene D (20.3%), b-caryophyllene (20.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (8%).

Properties
Properties

Parts used
Parts used.

Uses
Folkloric
No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
In Central America, leaf extracts are used externally for the treatment of wounds and hematomas.
Others
Others

Studies
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory: Study of methanol extract of dried leaves of TD produced dose-related inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The analgesic effect was observed with hot plate latency assays. Results confrim the traditional use of TD for the treatment of painful inflammatory conditions.
• Toxicity Studies: (1) Study of a 70% methanol extract showed a dose- and time-dependent toxic effect. Used in mice to reduce parasitemia with Plasmodium, the observed kidney and liver toxcity at the lowest dose tested, although reversible, raises concern over the safety of the use of the plant extract against malaria. (2) Study resulsts on the aqueous extracts of TD leaves suggest it may have adverse effects on the functions of the liver, heart and kidney.
• Sesquiterpene Lactones / Anti-Inflammatory / Antibacterial: The main sesquiterpene lactones of species growing in Costa Rica – diversifolin, diversifolin methyl ester and tirotundin – were studied for their anti-inflammatory activity. Results showed inhibitory activity of the 3 compounds, attributed to aklation of cysteine residues. Diversifolin was also found to have antibacterial activity, moderately active against B subtilis.
• Antimicrobial: Chemical analysis of the leaf of Tithonia yielded sesquiterpene lactones, e.g. Tagitinin which possess insecticidal properties. Study showed it possessed antimicrobial activity, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with activity against S aureus, E coli and P aeruginosa, suggesting they can be used in treating gastrointestinal infections, skin diseases and urinary tract infections in man.
• Anti-Diabetic: Study on an 80% ethanol extract of TD showed reduction of blood glucose in KK-ay mice 3 weeks after a single oral dose, also significantly lowering plasma insulin, decreasing blood glucose in an insulin tolerance test. Results suggest it may be useful for the treatment of type2 diabetes.
• Potential Cancer Chemopreventive: Study isolated three new sesquiterpenoids – 2a-hydroxytirotundin, tithofolinolide, and 3a-acetoxy-8b-isobutyryloxyreynosin along with 8 known sesquiterpene lactones. Among the isolates, 2 compounds showed significant antiproliferative activity, 3 compounds induced HL-60 cellular differentiation, one significantly inhibited lesion formation in the mouse mammary organ culture assay.
• Antimicrobial / Germacranolide-type Sesquiterpene Lactone: Results indicate the non-polar leaf extract of T diversifolia could be useful in the treatment of some disease conditions and the sesquiterpene lactone is a potential candidate as a phytotherapeutic agent against some bacterial infections.
• Anti-Inflammatory / Hepatoprotective: Results indicate the treatment with a water extract of the aerial part of T diversifolia decreased paw edema induced by carrageenan, with reduction of the elevated liver enzymes, with improvement in the pathologic hepatic changes caused by carbon tetrachloride.
• Anti-Malarial / Repellant: The aqueous and methanolic extracts had 50% and 74% clearing of parasites respectively, compared to 100% for chloroquine, more effecgtive when administered at the onset of infection, suggesting a time-dependency of the anti-malarial effects. On mosquitocidal repellency, although the volatile oil extract showed higher repellent effect on Anapholes gambiae, its repellant and protective effects on all the other species of mosquito can not be underestimated.
Availability
Wild-crafted.

**** FLORIDATA
www.floridata.com/ref/t/tith_div.cfm

Description
Bolivian sunflower is the towering big brother of the popular Mexican sunflower (T. rotundifolia Easily reaching up to 16 ft (5 m) tall and more than 12 ft (3.6 m) across, this sunflower makes a commanding statement. Bolivian sunflower has many branches and large coarse and hairy leaves that are oblong with marginal lobes and up to 14 in (35 cm) long. Bolivian sunflower grows fast and large during the spring and summer, then in autumn and winter it covers itself with hundreds of yellow-orange sunflowers, 3-6 in (7.5-15 cm) across. Each composite flower has 11-13 ray florets and 200-300 disc florets. All can give rise to seeds. The flowers smell like honey and are attractive to bees and butterflies. The seeds are small and can ride on the wind for several meters.

Location
Tithonia diversifolia occurs naturally in Mexico and Central America. It has escaped cultivation and become established in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world, including South Florida.

Culture
Light: Sunflowers need full sun.
Moisture: Although Bolivian sunflower does best in hot, dry climates and well drained soils, it still needs plenty of water.
Hardiness: USDA Zones 9-11. Light frosts and freezes will kill Bolivian sunflowers to the ground, but if the damage isn’t too bad, they come back in spring. Some people have had success with this tropical in Zone 8. In frost free climates, this sunflower can achieve the proportions of a small house.
Propagation: The easiest way to start a new Bolivian sunflower is just to take a piece of stem, say 10 in (25 cm) long and an inch (2.5 cm) or so in diameter, and stick it in the ground. Don’t water too much, and it should start producing roots and new leaves in a few days. You can also plant the seeds as soon as they ripen.

Usage
Bolivian sunflower is an imposing shrub and is best suited to the larger landscape. It is a big, rangy plant and not inclined to be neat and tidy. Several of these fast growing biggies will make a great screen, and make it fast. Sometimes branches break off and may take root where they lie on the ground, thus speeding the development of the screen. Alternatively, place a Bolivian sunflower in back of the shrub border or all alone as a single specimen. When in bloom, Bolivian sunflower draws attention to itself. Dead-heading is recommended to prolong the flowering season, but you may need a bucket truck to reach the higher flowers. You can prune Bolivian sunflower back hard after blooming to keep it from overtaking the neighborhood.
Bolivian sunflower has various medicinal uses among herbalists in tropical America, southern Asia and Africa. It currently is being investigated for anti-malarial properties.

Features
Unfortunately, I can’t grow Bolivian sunflower in my yard because the squirrels and the deer eat them to the ground. The white-tailed deer eat the leaves, and the gray squirrels eat the stems. Even pieces of stem that I tried to start in nursery pots and hid behind the greenhouse were discovered and eaten by the squirrels. Researching this article, I learned that Tithonia diversifolia leaves and stems are particularly high in nutrients (especially N, P and K) and are used as fertilizer in tropical regions. I guess the squirrels already knew that.

WARNING
In frost free areas Bolivian sunflower can spread and become an invasive nuisance. The species is still relatively new to North American gardeners and it has not yet been placed on Florida’s invasive plant list. However, Bolivian sunflower has established in many areas of South Florida and reports are coming in that it is causing damage to native plants.

Question by mark_virgin: Where have all the bumble bees gone?
I think I’ve only seen around 2 this year!!! I miss the little fluffy bundles.

Can you help? Leave your own answer in the comments!

Have something to add? Please consider leaving a comment, or if you want to stay updated you can subscribe to the RSS feed to have future articles delivered to your feed reader.

5 Responses to Where have all the bumble bees gone?

  1. proberly atlantic its warmer than england.

    Loz
    January 31, 2013 at 2:44 pm
    Reply

  2. It could well be down to the cold/wet summer weather. I’ve hardly seen any wasps either.

    probablygraham
    January 31, 2013 at 3:06 pm
    Reply

  3. I havn’t seen many at all! I love them! They just look so jolly and bumbley! Not like the mean old wasps! Grr argh to them!

    BRING BACK THE BEE!

    miss pixie
    January 31, 2013 at 3:48 pm
    Reply

  4. I am lucky enough to have a small community of them in a stable that I have.They share it with swallows.

    Hey Cisco
    January 31, 2013 at 4:22 pm
    Reply

  5. There has been a viral infection that severely effected bees. The pathogen was identified within a year or so from the time they identified the downturn in the population. This story has caused a lot of panicky headlines and the attention in the media might possibly help with raising funds for finding a cure.

    dawebqueen
    January 31, 2013 at 5:14 pm
    Reply

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *